The problem with averages

Imagine you’re deciding whether to wait in line for your favourite meal at a busy restaurant or grab a quick snack at the nearest café. Your brain weighs not just how good the meal might be, but also how long it will take to get it.

What drives someone to fear their own thoughts, or an Ethiopian schoolgirl to eat the wall of her house, bit by bit? Why do millions of us get stuck in loops of doubt and dread? And what does it mean to have a brain that simply won’t let go?

The Champalimaud Foundation opens the applications to the 5th edition of the Fundamentals of Medicine Postgratuate Course, a unique course designed for life sciences researchers interested in exploring medical terminology, concepts, and issues, with a focus on fostering collaboration between researchers and medical doctors. 

In Episode 2, Sian Harding, a world leader in cardiac research, joins Hedi to reveal the heart as you’ve never seen it before, as they discuss her book The Exquisite Machine: The New Science of the Heart. From how social rank, air pollution, noise, and even your mother’s pregnancy diet can shape heart health, to the heart’s mini-brain or growing hearts in the lab from skin cells, they uncover the remarkable ways this muscular organ does far more than “just” pump blood.

An international team, led by researchers at the Champalimaud Foundation (CF), has shown – for the first time in a realistic way – that it may be possible, in the future, to diagnose Parkinson’s disease (PD) years earlier, by scanning people’s brains with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Although there are treatment options after diagnosis, there is no cure.  Therapies are continually improving — with ongoing research aiming to slow or even alter the course of the disease - investing in the research of methods that enable much earlier diagnosis is crucial.

Analysing these scans can also be time-consuming and complex, as doctors need to pore over countless images, looking for often tiny details.

So, any new imaging analysis technique that is faster and more precise is always welcome: a new paper (recently published in the Journal of Nuclear Medicine) reveals that the Champalimaud Foundation’s Nuclear Medicine-Radiopharmacology Unit has managed just that by using Deep Learning (DL) Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Following Episode 1 - Part 1, this second part of Hedi’s conversation with science writer Moheb Costandi unpacks how our sense of agency – the feeling of being in control of our actions and responsible for their outcomes – can be disrupted in conditions like Alien Hand Syndrome and Schizophrenia, manipulated on the operating table, or even altered in the lab.

When a fruit fly is navigating straight forward at high speed, why does it know that it’s not straying off course? Because as long as the fly moves directly forward, the visual scene shifts from front to back in a near-perfect mirror image across both retinas – generating, in other words, a symmetrical visual motion pattern. This pattern, known as “optic flow”, provides a powerful cue for detecting self-motion and maintaining direction.

Every two weeks, the new podcast series Leafing Through Science brings together host Hedi Young, Champalimaud Foundation neuroscientist and science communicator, with the authors behind some of the most fascinating non-fiction books in the life sciences. From new releases to timeless classics, we explore everything from the mysteries of consciousness and free will, to broken hearts, alien hands, and minds under siege. Expect page-turning ideas, head-spinning science, and stories that might just change how you see the world – and yourself.

This recognition affirms the dedication and collaborative effort of countless individuals over the years in building the diverse and sophisticated infrastructure necessary to support a world-class, cutting-edge biomedical research centre.